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2011-12-16

the signum function

See here:
signum function

2011-08-17

the chicken and egg question

The chicken and egg come at the same time.

Proposition 0 A chicken is an animal that must be able to lay eggs, either directly or indirectly.

Theorem 0 If there are somethings such that they are called chicken and egg respectively, then they come in the world at the same time.

Proof We prove by contradiction and assume: If there are somethings such that they are called chicken and egg respectively, then they do not come in the world at the same time. Since the two things do not come in the world at the same time, the fist chicken must not lay the first egg, i.e. the first so called chicken will not lay any eggs and then, by Proposition 0, must not be a chicken. That is to say a chicken is not a chicken, which is contradiction. ◼

2011-08-08

why is `resolution' incomplete?

The general resolution rule is $ p \vee s , \neg p \vee t \Rightarrow s \vee t $. Applying the rule, $ x \vee y $ will never be reached from $ x $. In other words, applying the rule strictly needs existence of such formula as $ p \vee s , \neg p \vee t $, which may not be the case. However, resolution is complete for Horn clauses. Moreover, `resolution refutation' is complete.

2011-01-12

mathematics toy on web

Hi bloggers, now you may try this for math toy:mathjax.

2009-06-15

数学概念

非常粗略地,按重要性依次为:公理(axiom),定理(theorem),命题(proposition),引理(lemma),推论(corollary)。但实际上其中定理和引理的区别非常晦涩,按照wikipedia的说法:
A lemma is a "pre-theorem", a statement that forms part of the proof of a larger theorem. The distinction between theorems and lemmas is rather arbitrary,...
而命题本身就是一类“简单”的、显而易见的、容易被证明的定理。另外一人的论述:
定义就是规定意义,相当于取名字,定理就是根据定义和公理推导演绎出来的命题。公理就是人们通过实际生活观察到的一些人们共同赞同的但又无法证明的。差别在于:定义不可证明,而定理一定是经过了证明的!

数学就是在定义和公理(经验的总结,不需证明,如过两点可画一条直线)基础上,演绎出的一整套定理组成的逻辑体系(演绎的过程就是证明定理)。

首先,定义和公理是任何理论的基础,定义解决了概念的范畴,公理使得理论能够被人的理性所接受。

其次,定理和命题就是在定义和公理的基础上通过理性的加工使得理论的再延伸,它们的区别主要在于,定理的理论高度比命题高些,定理主要是描述各定义(范畴)间的逻辑关系,命题一般描述的是某种对应关系(非范畴性的)。而推论就是某一定理的附属品,是该定理的简单应用。

最后,引理就是在证明某一定理时所必须用到的其它定理。而在一般情况下,就像前面所提到的定理的证明是依赖于定义和公理的。
自我标榜科学之完美体现的数学,其体系严密程度也不过尔尔。

关于吸血鬼的数学证明

美国中佛罗里达大学的物理学教授科斯塔斯.伊弗斯米奥关于吸血鬼的数学证明如下:
1600年1月1日,全球人口总数为 536,870,911。如果第一只吸血鬼在那一天出现,并假设他每月咬一个人,到1600年2月1日之前,吸血鬼将变成两个。一个月后这个数目变为4,以此类推下去,仅仅在两年半的时间内,地球上所有的人都将变成吸血鬼,人类将不复存在,吸血鬼也面临无人可吸血的局面。
呵呵,那如果吸血鬼实行鬼口计划呢?就是保留核心成员,鬼道消灭外围成员呢?呵呵,数学很有意思。

2008-10-26

Begin SciPy for Scientific Research

It is here:
http://www.scipy.org/

In my Debian box, I install SciPy as:
$ aptitude install python-scipy
$ aptitude install python-matplotlib